"""
Cooperative ``subprocess`` module.

.. caution:: On POSIX platforms, this module is not usable from native
   threads other than the main thread; attempting to do so will raise
   a :exc:`TypeError`. This module depends on libev's fork watchers.
   On POSIX systems, fork watchers are implemented using signals, and
   the thread to which process-directed signals are delivered `is not
   defined`_. Because each native thread has its own gevent/libev
   loop, this means that a fork watcher registered with one loop
   (thread) may never see the signal about a child it spawned if the
   signal is sent to a different thread.

.. note:: The interface of this module is intended to match that of
   the standard library :mod:`subprocess` module. There are some small
   differences between the Python 2 and Python 3 versions of that
   module and between the POSIX and Windows versions. The HTML
   documentation here can only describe one version; for definitive
   documentation, see the standard library or the source code.

.. _is not defined: http://www.linuxprogrammingblog.com/all-about-linux-signals?page=11
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function
import errno
import gc
import io
import os
import signal
import sys
import traceback
from gevent.event import AsyncResult
from gevent.hub import get_hub, linkproxy, sleep, getcurrent, integer_types, string_types, xrange
from gevent.hub import PY3
from gevent.hub import reraise
from gevent.fileobject import FileObject
from gevent.greenlet import Greenlet, joinall
spawn = Greenlet.spawn
import subprocess as __subprocess__


# Standard functions and classes that this module re-implements in a gevent-aware way.
__implements__ = [
    'Popen',
    'call',
    'check_call',
    'check_output',
]
if PY3 and not sys.platform.startswith('win32'):
    __implements__.append("_posixsubprocess")
    _posixsubprocess = None


# Standard functions and classes that this module re-imports.
__imports__ = [
    'PIPE',
    'STDOUT',
    'CalledProcessError',
    # Windows:
    'CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE',
    'CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP',
    'STD_INPUT_HANDLE',
    'STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE',
    'STD_ERROR_HANDLE',
    'SW_HIDE',
    'STARTF_USESTDHANDLES',
    'STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW',
]


__extra__ = [
    'MAXFD',
    '_eintr_retry_call',
    'STARTUPINFO',
    'pywintypes',
    'list2cmdline',
    '_subprocess',
    '_winapi',
    # Python 2.5 does not have _subprocess, so we don't use it
    # XXX We don't run on Py 2.5 anymore; can/could/should we use _subprocess?
    'WAIT_OBJECT_0',
    'WaitForSingleObject',
    'GetExitCodeProcess',
    'GetStdHandle',
    'CreatePipe',
    'DuplicateHandle',
    'GetCurrentProcess',
    'DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS',
    'GetModuleFileName',
    'GetVersion',
    'CreateProcess',
    'INFINITE',
    'TerminateProcess',
]

if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 3):
    __imports__ += [
        'DEVNULL',
        'getstatusoutput',
        'getoutput',
        'SubprocessError',
        'TimeoutExpired',
    ]

if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 5):
    __imports__ += [
        'run', # in 3.5, `run` is implemented in terms of `with Popen`
        'CompletedProcess',
    ]
    # Removed in Python 3.5; this is the exact code that was removed:
    # https://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/f98b0a5e5ef5
    __extra__.remove('MAXFD')
    try:
        MAXFD = os.sysconf("SC_OPEN_MAX")
    except:
        MAXFD = 256


for name in __imports__[:]:
    try:
        value = getattr(__subprocess__, name)
        globals()[name] = value
    except AttributeError:
        __imports__.remove(name)
        __extra__.append(name)

if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2, 6):
    __implements__.remove('check_output')
    __extra__.append('check_output')

# In Python 3 on Windows, a lot of the functions previously
# in _subprocess moved to _winapi
_NONE = object()
_subprocess = getattr(__subprocess__, '_subprocess', _NONE)
_winapi = getattr(__subprocess__, '_winapi', _NONE)

_attr_resolution_order = [__subprocess__, _subprocess, _winapi]

for name in list(__extra__):
    if name in globals():
        continue
    value = _NONE
    for place in _attr_resolution_order:
        value = getattr(place, name, _NONE)
        if value is not _NONE:
            break

    if value is _NONE:
        __extra__.remove(name)
    else:
        globals()[name] = value

del _attr_resolution_order
__all__ = __implements__ + __imports__


mswindows = sys.platform == 'win32'
if mswindows:
    import msvcrt
    if PY3:
        class Handle(int):
            closed = False

            def Close(self):
                if not self.closed:
                    self.closed = True
                    _winapi.CloseHandle(self)

            def Detach(self):
                if not self.closed:
                    self.closed = True
                    return int(self)
                raise ValueError("already closed")

            def __repr__(self):
                return "Handle(%d)" % int(self)

            __del__ = Close
            __str__ = __repr__
else:
    import fcntl
    import pickle
    from gevent import monkey
    fork = monkey.get_original('os', 'fork')
    from gevent.os import fork_and_watch

if PY3:
    def call(*popenargs, **kwargs):
        """Run command with arguments.  Wait for command to complete or
        timeout, then return the returncode attribute.

        The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.  Example::

            retcode = call(["ls", "-l"])
        """
        timeout = kwargs.pop('timeout', None)
        with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as p:
            try:
                return p.wait(timeout=timeout)
            except:
                p.kill()
                p.wait()
                raise
else:
    def call(*popenargs, **kwargs):
        """Run command with arguments.  Wait for command to complete, then
        return the returncode attribute.

        The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.  Example::

            retcode = call(["ls", "-l"])
        """
        return Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs).wait()


def check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs):
    """Run command with arguments.  Wait for command to complete.  If
    the exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise
    :exc:`CalledProcessError`.  The ``CalledProcessError`` object will have the
    return code in the returncode attribute.

    The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.  Example::

        retcode = check_call(["ls", "-l"])
    """
    retcode = call(*popenargs, **kwargs)
    if retcode:
        cmd = kwargs.get("args")
        if cmd is None:
            cmd = popenargs[0]
        raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
    return 0

if PY3:
    def check_output(*popenargs, **kwargs):
        r"""Run command with arguments and return its output.

        If the exit code was non-zero it raises a :exc:`CalledProcessError`.  The
        ``CalledProcessError`` object will have the return code in the returncode
        attribute and output in the output attribute.


        The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.  Example::

            >>> check_output(["ls", "-1", "/dev/null"])
            b'/dev/null\n'

        The ``stdout`` argument is not allowed as it is used internally.

        To capture standard error in the result, use ``stderr=STDOUT``::

            >>> check_output(["/bin/sh", "-c",
            ...               "ls -l non_existent_file ; exit 0"],
            ...              stderr=STDOUT)
            b'ls: non_existent_file: No such file or directory\n'

        There is an additional optional argument, "input", allowing you to
        pass a string to the subprocess's stdin.  If you use this argument
        you may not also use the Popen constructor's "stdin" argument, as
        it too will be used internally.  Example::

            >>> check_output(["sed", "-e", "s/foo/bar/"],
            ...              input=b"when in the course of fooman events\n")
            b'when in the course of barman events\n'

        If ``universal_newlines=True`` is passed, the return value will be a
        string rather than bytes.
        """
        timeout = kwargs.pop('timeout', None)
        if 'stdout' in kwargs:
            raise ValueError('stdout argument not allowed, it will be overridden.')
        if 'input' in kwargs:
            if 'stdin' in kwargs:
                raise ValueError('stdin and input arguments may not both be used.')
            inputdata = kwargs['input']
            del kwargs['input']
            kwargs['stdin'] = PIPE
        else:
            inputdata = None
        with Popen(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, **kwargs) as process:
            try:
                output, unused_err = process.communicate(inputdata, timeout=timeout)
            except TimeoutExpired:
                process.kill()
                output, unused_err = process.communicate()
                raise TimeoutExpired(process.args, timeout, output=output)
            except:
                process.kill()
                process.wait()
                raise
            retcode = process.poll()
            if retcode:
                raise CalledProcessError(retcode, process.args, output=output)
        return output
else:
    def check_output(*popenargs, **kwargs):
        r"""Run command with arguments and return its output as a byte string.

        If the exit code was non-zero it raises a CalledProcessError.  The
        CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode
        attribute and output in the output attribute.

        The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.  Example:

        >>> print(check_output(["ls", "-1", "/dev/null"]).decode('ascii'))
        /dev/null
        <BLANKLINE>

        The stdout argument is not allowed as it is used internally.
        To capture standard error in the result, use stderr=STDOUT.

        >>> print(check_output(["/bin/sh", "-c", "echo hello world"], stderr=STDOUT).decode('ascii'))
        hello world
        <BLANKLINE>
        """
        if 'stdout' in kwargs:
            raise ValueError('stdout argument not allowed, it will be overridden.')
        process = Popen(stdout=PIPE, *popenargs, **kwargs)
        output = process.communicate()[0]
        retcode = process.poll()
        if retcode:
            cmd = kwargs.get("args")
            if cmd is None:
                cmd = popenargs[0]
            ex = CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
            # on Python 2.6 and older CalledProcessError does not accept 'output' argument
            ex.output = output
            raise ex
        return output

_PLATFORM_DEFAULT_CLOSE_FDS = object()


class Popen(object):
    """
    The underlying process creation and management in this module is
    handled by the Popen class. It offers a lot of flexibility so that
    developers are able to handle the less common cases not covered by
    the convenience functions.

    .. seealso:: :class:`subprocess.Popen`
       This class should have the same interface as the standard library class.
    """

    def __init__(self, args, bufsize=None, executable=None,
                 stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None,
                 preexec_fn=None, close_fds=_PLATFORM_DEFAULT_CLOSE_FDS, shell=False,
                 cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False,
                 startupinfo=None, creationflags=0, threadpool=None,
                 **kwargs):
        """Create new Popen instance.

        :param kwargs: *Only* allowed under Python 3; under Python 2, any
          unrecognized keyword arguments will result in a :exc:`TypeError`.
          Under Python 3, keyword arguments can include ``pass_fds``, ``start_new_session``,
          and ``restore_signals``.
        """

        if not PY3 and kwargs:
            raise TypeError("Got unexpected keyword arguments", kwargs)
        pass_fds = kwargs.pop('pass_fds', ())
        start_new_session = kwargs.pop('start_new_session', False)
        restore_signals = kwargs.pop('restore_signals', True)

        hub = get_hub()

        if bufsize is None:
            # bufsize has different defaults on Py3 and Py2
            if PY3:
                bufsize = -1
            else:
                bufsize = 0
        if not isinstance(bufsize, integer_types):
            raise TypeError("bufsize must be an integer")

        if mswindows:
            if preexec_fn is not None:
                raise ValueError("preexec_fn is not supported on Windows "
                                 "platforms")
            any_stdio_set = (stdin is not None or stdout is not None or
                             stderr is not None)
            if close_fds is _PLATFORM_DEFAULT_CLOSE_FDS:
                if any_stdio_set:
                    close_fds = False
                else:
                    close_fds = True
            elif close_fds and any_stdio_set:
                raise ValueError("close_fds is not supported on Windows "
                                 "platforms if you redirect stdin/stdout/stderr")
            if threadpool is None:
                threadpool = hub.threadpool
            self.threadpool = threadpool
            self._waiting = False
        else:
            # POSIX
            if close_fds is _PLATFORM_DEFAULT_CLOSE_FDS:
                # close_fds has different defaults on Py3/Py2
                if PY3:
                    close_fds = True
                else:
                    close_fds = False

            if pass_fds and not close_fds:
                import warnings
                warnings.warn("pass_fds overriding close_fds.", RuntimeWarning)
                close_fds = True
            if startupinfo is not None:
                raise ValueError("startupinfo is only supported on Windows "
                                 "platforms")
            if creationflags != 0:
                raise ValueError("creationflags is only supported on Windows "
                                 "platforms")
            assert threadpool is None
            self._loop = hub.loop

        if PY3:
            self.args = args
        self.stdin = None
        self.stdout = None
        self.stderr = None
        self.pid = None
        self.returncode = None
        self.universal_newlines = universal_newlines
        self.result = AsyncResult()

        # Input and output objects. The general principle is like
        # this:
        #
        # Parent                   Child
        # ------                   -----
        # p2cwrite   ---stdin--->  p2cread
        # c2pread    <--stdout---  c2pwrite
        # errread    <--stderr---  errwrite
        #
        # On POSIX, the child objects are file descriptors.  On
        # Windows, these are Windows file handles.  The parent objects
        # are file descriptors on both platforms.  The parent objects
        # are None when not using PIPEs. The child objects are None
        # when not redirecting.

        (p2cread, p2cwrite,
         c2pread, c2pwrite,
         errread, errwrite) = self._get_handles(stdin, stdout, stderr)

        # We wrap OS handles *before* launching the child, otherwise a
        # quickly terminating child could make our fds unwrappable
        # (see #8458).
        if mswindows:
            if p2cwrite is not None:
                p2cwrite = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(p2cwrite.Detach(), 0)
            if c2pread is not None:
                c2pread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(c2pread.Detach(), 0)
            if errread is not None:
                errread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(errread.Detach(), 0)

        if p2cwrite is not None:
            if PY3 and universal_newlines:
                # Under Python 3, if we left on the 'b' we'd get different results
                # depending on whether we used FileObjectPosix or FileObjectThread
                self.stdin = FileObject(p2cwrite, 'wb', bufsize)
                self.stdin._translate = True
                self.stdin.io = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stdin.io, write_through=True,
                                                 line_buffering=(bufsize == 1))
            else:
                self.stdin = FileObject(p2cwrite, 'wb', bufsize)
        if c2pread is not None:
            if universal_newlines:
                if PY3:
                    # FileObjectThread doesn't support the 'U' qualifier
                    # with a bufsize of 0
                    self.stdout = FileObject(c2pread, 'rb', bufsize)
                    # NOTE: Universal Newlines are broken on Windows/Py3, at least
                    # in some cases. This is true in the stdlib subprocess module
                    # as well; the following line would fix the test cases in
                    # test__subprocess.py that depend on python_universal_newlines,
                    # but would be inconsistent with the stdlib:
                    #msvcrt.setmode(self.stdout.fileno(), os.O_TEXT)
                    self.stdout.io = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stdout.io)
                    self.stdout.io.mode = 'r'
                    self.stdout._translate = True
                else:
                    self.stdout = FileObject(c2pread, 'rU', bufsize)
            else:
                self.stdout = FileObject(c2pread, 'rb', bufsize)
        if errread is not None:
            if universal_newlines:
                if PY3:
                    self.stderr = FileObject(errread, 'rb', bufsize)
                    self.stderr.io = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stderr.io)
                    self.stderr._translate = True
                else:
                    self.stderr = FileObject(errread, 'rU', bufsize)
            else:
                self.stderr = FileObject(errread, 'rb', bufsize)

        self._closed_child_pipe_fds = False
        try:
            self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
                                pass_fds, cwd, env, universal_newlines,
                                startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
                                p2cread, p2cwrite,
                                c2pread, c2pwrite,
                                errread, errwrite,
                                restore_signals, start_new_session)
        except:
            # Cleanup if the child failed starting.
            # (gevent: New in python3, but reported as gevent bug in #347.
            # Note that under Py2, any error raised below will replace the
            # original error so we have to use reraise)
            if not PY3:
                exc_info = sys.exc_info()
            for f in filter(None, (self.stdin, self.stdout, self.stderr)):
                try:
                    f.close()
                except (OSError, IOError):
                    pass  # Ignore EBADF or other errors.

            if not self._closed_child_pipe_fds:
                to_close = []
                if stdin == PIPE:
                    to_close.append(p2cread)
                if stdout == PIPE:
                    to_close.append(c2pwrite)
                if stderr == PIPE:
                    to_close.append(errwrite)
                if hasattr(self, '_devnull'):
                    to_close.append(self._devnull)
                for fd in to_close:
                    try:
                        os.close(fd)
                    except (OSError, IOError):
                        pass
            if not PY3:
                try:
                    reraise(*exc_info)
                finally:
                    del exc_info
            raise

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<%s at 0x%x pid=%r returncode=%r>' % (self.__class__.__name__, id(self), self.pid, self.returncode)

    def _on_child(self, watcher):
        watcher.stop()
        status = watcher.rstatus
        if os.WIFSIGNALED(status):
            self.returncode = -os.WTERMSIG(status)
        else:
            self.returncode = os.WEXITSTATUS(status)
        self.result.set(self.returncode)

    def _get_devnull(self):
        if not hasattr(self, '_devnull'):
            self._devnull = os.open(os.devnull, os.O_RDWR)
        return self._devnull

    _stdout_buffer = None
    _stderr_buffer = None

    def communicate(self, input=None, timeout=None):
        """Interact with process: Send data to stdin.  Read data from
        stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is reached.  Wait for
        process to terminate.  The optional input argument should be a
        string to be sent to the child process, or None, if no data
        should be sent to the child.

        communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr).

        :keyword timeout: Under Python 2, this is a gevent extension; if
           given and it expires, we will raise :class:`gevent.timeout.Timeout`.
           Under Python 3, this raises the standard :exc:`TimeoutExpired` exception.

        .. versionchanged:: 1.1a2
           Under Python 2, if the *timeout* elapses, raise the :exc:`gevent.timeout.Timeout`
           exception. Previously, we silently returned.
        .. versionchanged:: 1.1b5
           Honor a *timeout* even if there's no way to communicate with the child
           (stdin, stdout, and stderr are not pipes).
        """
        greenlets = []
        if self.stdin:
            greenlets.append(spawn(write_and_close, self.stdin, input))

        # If the timeout parameter is used, and the caller calls back after
        # getting a TimeoutExpired exception, we can wind up with multiple
        # greenlets trying to run and read from and close stdout/stderr.
        # That's bad because it can lead to 'RuntimeError: reentrant call in io.BufferedReader'.
        # We can't just kill the previous greenlets when a timeout happens,
        # though, because we risk losing the output collected by that greenlet
        # (and Python 3, where timeout is an official parameter, explicitly says
        # that no output should be lost in the event of a timeout.) Instead, we're
        # watching for the exception and ignoring it. It's not elegant,
        # but it works
        if self.stdout:
            def _read_out():
                try:
                    data = self.stdout.read()
                except RuntimeError:
                    return
                if self._stdout_buffer is not None:
                    self._stdout_buffer += data
                else:
                    self._stdout_buffer = data
            stdout = spawn(_read_out)
            greenlets.append(stdout)
        else:
            stdout = None

        if self.stderr:
            def _read_err():
                try:
                    data = self.stderr.read()
                except RuntimeError:
                    return
                if self._stderr_buffer is not None:
                    self._stderr_buffer += data
                else:
                    self._stderr_buffer = data
            stderr = spawn(_read_err)
            greenlets.append(stderr)
        else:
            stderr = None

        # If we were given stdin=stdout=stderr=None, we have no way to
        # communicate with the child, and thus no greenlets to wait
        # on. This is a nonsense case, but it comes up in the test
        # case for Python 3.5 (test_subprocess.py
        # RunFuncTestCase.test_timeout). Instead, we go directly to
        # self.wait
        if not greenlets and timeout is not None:
            result = self.wait(timeout=timeout)
            # Python 3 would have already raised, but Python 2 would not
            # so we need to do that manually
            if result is None:
                from gevent.timeout import Timeout
                raise Timeout(timeout)

        done = joinall(greenlets, timeout=timeout)
        if timeout is not None and len(done) != len(greenlets):
            if PY3:
                raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, timeout)
            from gevent.timeout import Timeout
            raise Timeout(timeout)

        if self.stdout:
            try:
                self.stdout.close()
            except RuntimeError:
                pass
        if self.stderr:
            try:
                self.stderr.close()
            except RuntimeError:
                pass
        self.wait()
        stdout_value = self._stdout_buffer
        self._stdout_buffer = None
        stderr_value = self._stderr_buffer
        self._stderr_buffer = None
        # XXX: Under python 3 in universal newlines mode we should be
        # returning str, not bytes
        return (None if stdout is None else stdout_value or b'',
                None if stderr is None else stderr_value or b'')

    def poll(self):
        """Check if child process has terminated. Set and return :attr:`returncode` attribute."""
        return self._internal_poll()

    if PY3:
        def __enter__(self):
            return self

        def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
            if self.stdout:
                self.stdout.close()
            if self.stderr:
                self.stderr.close()
            try:  # Flushing a BufferedWriter may raise an error
                if self.stdin:
                    self.stdin.close()
            finally:
                # Wait for the process to terminate, to avoid zombies.
                # JAM: gevent: If the process never terminates, this
                # blocks forever.
                self.wait()

    if mswindows:
        #
        # Windows methods
        #
        def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr):
            """Construct and return tuple with IO objects:
            p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite
            """
            if stdin is None and stdout is None and stderr is None:
                return (None, None, None, None, None, None)

            p2cread, p2cwrite = None, None
            c2pread, c2pwrite = None, None
            errread, errwrite = None, None

            try:
                DEVNULL
            except NameError:
                _devnull = object()
            else:
                _devnull = DEVNULL

            if stdin is None:
                p2cread = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
                if p2cread is None:
                    p2cread, _ = CreatePipe(None, 0)
                    if PY3:
                        p2cread = Handle(p2cread)
                        _winapi.CloseHandle(_)
            elif stdin == PIPE:
                p2cread, p2cwrite = CreatePipe(None, 0)
                if PY3:
                    p2cread, p2cwrite = Handle(p2cread), Handle(p2cwrite)
            elif stdin == _devnull:
                p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull())
            elif isinstance(stdin, int):
                p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin)
            else:
                # Assuming file-like object
                p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin.fileno())
            p2cread = self._make_inheritable(p2cread)

            if stdout is None:
                c2pwrite = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
                if c2pwrite is None:
                    _, c2pwrite = CreatePipe(None, 0)
                    if PY3:
                        c2pwrite = Handle(c2pwrite)
                        _winapi.CloseHandle(_)
            elif stdout == PIPE:
                c2pread, c2pwrite = CreatePipe(None, 0)
                if PY3:
                    c2pread, c2pwrite = Handle(c2pread), Handle(c2pwrite)
            elif stdout == _devnull:
                c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull())
            elif isinstance(stdout, int):
                c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout)
            else:
                # Assuming file-like object
                c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout.fileno())
            c2pwrite = self._make_inheritable(c2pwrite)

            if stderr is None:
                errwrite = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE)
                if errwrite is None:
                    _, errwrite = CreatePipe(None, 0)
                    if PY3:
                        errwrite = Handle(errwrite)
                        _winapi.CloseHandle(_)
            elif stderr == PIPE:
                errread, errwrite = CreatePipe(None, 0)
                if PY3:
                    errread, errwrite = Handle(errread), Handle(errwrite)
            elif stderr == STDOUT:
                errwrite = c2pwrite
            elif stderr == _devnull:
                errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull())
            elif isinstance(stderr, int):
                errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr)
            else:
                # Assuming file-like object
                errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr.fileno())
            errwrite = self._make_inheritable(errwrite)

            return (p2cread, p2cwrite,
                    c2pread, c2pwrite,
                    errread, errwrite)

        def _make_inheritable(self, handle):
            """Return a duplicate of handle, which is inheritable"""
            return DuplicateHandle(GetCurrentProcess(),
                                   handle, GetCurrentProcess(), 0, 1,
                                   DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)

        def _find_w9xpopen(self):
            """Find and return absolute path to w9xpopen.exe"""
            w9xpopen = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(GetModuleFileName(0)),
                                    "w9xpopen.exe")
            if not os.path.exists(w9xpopen):
                # Eeek - file-not-found - possibly an embedding
                # situation - see if we can locate it in sys.exec_prefix
                w9xpopen = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.exec_prefix),
                                        "w9xpopen.exe")
                if not os.path.exists(w9xpopen):
                    raise RuntimeError("Cannot locate w9xpopen.exe, which is "
                                       "needed for Popen to work with your "
                                       "shell or platform.")
            return w9xpopen

        def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
                           pass_fds, cwd, env, universal_newlines,
                           startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
                           p2cread, p2cwrite,
                           c2pread, c2pwrite,
                           errread, errwrite,
                           unused_restore_signals, unused_start_new_session):
            """Execute program (MS Windows version)"""

            assert not pass_fds, "pass_fds not supported on Windows."

            if not isinstance(args, string_types):
                args = list2cmdline(args)

            # Process startup details
            if startupinfo is None:
                startupinfo = STARTUPINFO()
            if None not in (p2cread, c2pwrite, errwrite):
                startupinfo.dwFlags |= STARTF_USESTDHANDLES
                startupinfo.hStdInput = p2cread
                startupinfo.hStdOutput = c2pwrite
                startupinfo.hStdError = errwrite

            if shell:
                startupinfo.dwFlags |= STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW
                startupinfo.wShowWindow = SW_HIDE
                comspec = os.environ.get("COMSPEC", "cmd.exe")
                args = '{} /c "{}"'.format(comspec, args)
                if GetVersion() >= 0x80000000 or os.path.basename(comspec).lower() == "command.com":
                    # Win9x, or using command.com on NT. We need to
                    # use the w9xpopen intermediate program. For more
                    # information, see KB Q150956
                    # (http://web.archive.org/web/20011105084002/http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q150/9/56.asp)
                    w9xpopen = self._find_w9xpopen()
                    args = '"%s" %s' % (w9xpopen, args)
                    # Not passing CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE has been known to
                    # cause random failures on win9x.  Specifically a
                    # dialog: "Your program accessed mem currently in
                    # use at xxx" and a hopeful warning about the
                    # stability of your system.  Cost is Ctrl+C wont
                    # kill children.
                    creationflags |= CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE

            # Start the process
            try:
                hp, ht, pid, tid = CreateProcess(executable, args,
                                                 # no special security
                                                 None, None,
                                                 int(not close_fds),
                                                 creationflags,
                                                 env,
                                                 cwd,
                                                 startupinfo)
            except IOError as e: # From 2.6 on, pywintypes.error was defined as IOError
                # Translate pywintypes.error to WindowsError, which is
                # a subclass of OSError.  FIXME: We should really
                # translate errno using _sys_errlist (or similar), but
                # how can this be done from Python?
                if PY3:
                    raise # don't remap here
                raise WindowsError(*e.args)
            finally:
                # Child is launched. Close the parent's copy of those pipe
                # handles that only the child should have open.  You need
                # to make sure that no handles to the write end of the
                # output pipe are maintained in this process or else the
                # pipe will not close when the child process exits and the
                # ReadFile will hang.
                def _close(x):
                    if x is not None and x != -1:
                        if hasattr(x, 'Close'):
                            x.Close()
                        else:
                            _winapi.CloseHandle(x)

                _close(p2cread)
                _close(c2pwrite)
                _close(errwrite)
                if hasattr(self, '_devnull'):
                    os.close(self._devnull)

            # Retain the process handle, but close the thread handle
            self._child_created = True
            self._handle = Handle(hp) if not hasattr(hp, 'Close') else hp
            self.pid = pid
            _winapi.CloseHandle(ht) if not hasattr(ht, 'Close') else ht.Close()

        def _internal_poll(self):
            """Check if child process has terminated.  Returns returncode
            attribute.
            """
            if self.returncode is None:
                if WaitForSingleObject(self._handle, 0) == WAIT_OBJECT_0:
                    self.returncode = GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle)
                    self.result.set(self.returncode)
            return self.returncode

        def rawlink(self, callback):
            if not self.result.ready() and not self._waiting:
                self._waiting = True
                Greenlet.spawn(self._wait)
            self.result.rawlink(linkproxy(callback, self))
            # XXX unlink

        def _blocking_wait(self):
            WaitForSingleObject(self._handle, INFINITE)
            self.returncode = GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle)
            return self.returncode

        def _wait(self):
            self.threadpool.spawn(self._blocking_wait).rawlink(self.result)

        def wait(self, timeout=None):
            """Wait for child process to terminate.  Returns returncode
            attribute."""
            if self.returncode is None:
                if not self._waiting:
                    self._waiting = True
                    self._wait()
            result = self.result.wait(timeout=timeout)
            if PY3 and timeout is not None and not self.result.ready():
                raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, timeout)
            return result

        def send_signal(self, sig):
            """Send a signal to the process
            """
            if sig == signal.SIGTERM:
                self.terminate()
            elif sig == signal.CTRL_C_EVENT:
                os.kill(self.pid, signal.CTRL_C_EVENT)
            elif sig == signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT:
                os.kill(self.pid, signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT)
            else:
                raise ValueError("Unsupported signal: {}".format(sig))

        def terminate(self):
            """Terminates the process
            """
            TerminateProcess(self._handle, 1)

        kill = terminate

    else:
        #
        # POSIX methods
        #

        def rawlink(self, callback):
            # Not public documented, part of the link protocol
            self.result.rawlink(linkproxy(callback, self))
        # XXX unlink

        def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr):
            """Construct and return tuple with IO objects:
            p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite
            """
            p2cread, p2cwrite = None, None
            c2pread, c2pwrite = None, None
            errread, errwrite = None, None

            try:
                DEVNULL
            except NameError:
                _devnull = object()
            else:
                _devnull = DEVNULL

            if stdin is None:
                pass
            elif stdin == PIPE:
                p2cread, p2cwrite = self.pipe_cloexec()
            elif stdin == _devnull:
                p2cread = self._get_devnull()
            elif isinstance(stdin, int):
                p2cread = stdin
            else:
                # Assuming file-like object
                p2cread = stdin.fileno()

            if stdout is None:
                pass
            elif stdout == PIPE:
                c2pread, c2pwrite = self.pipe_cloexec()
            elif stdout == _devnull:
                c2pwrite = self._get_devnull()
            elif isinstance(stdout, int):
                c2pwrite = stdout
            else:
                # Assuming file-like object
                c2pwrite = stdout.fileno()

            if stderr is None:
                pass
            elif stderr == PIPE:
                errread, errwrite = self.pipe_cloexec()
            elif stderr == STDOUT:
                errwrite = c2pwrite
            elif stderr == _devnull:
                errwrite = self._get_devnull()
            elif isinstance(stderr, int):
                errwrite = stderr
            else:
                # Assuming file-like object
                errwrite = stderr.fileno()

            return (p2cread, p2cwrite,
                    c2pread, c2pwrite,
                    errread, errwrite)

        def _set_cloexec_flag(self, fd, cloexec=True):
            try:
                cloexec_flag = fcntl.FD_CLOEXEC
            except AttributeError:
                cloexec_flag = 1

            old = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFD)
            if cloexec:
                fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFD, old | cloexec_flag)
            else:
                fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFD, old & ~cloexec_flag)

        def _remove_nonblock_flag(self, fd):
            flags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL) & (~os.O_NONBLOCK)
            fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, flags)

        def pipe_cloexec(self):
            """Create a pipe with FDs set CLOEXEC."""
            # Pipes' FDs are set CLOEXEC by default because we don't want them
            # to be inherited by other subprocesses: the CLOEXEC flag is removed
            # from the child's FDs by _dup2(), between fork() and exec().
            # This is not atomic: we would need the pipe2() syscall for that.
            r, w = os.pipe()
            self._set_cloexec_flag(r)
            self._set_cloexec_flag(w)
            return r, w

        def _close_fds(self, keep):
            # `keep` is a set of fds, so we
            # use os.closerange from 3 to min(keep)
            # and then from max(keep + 1) to MAXFD and
            # loop through filling in the gaps.
            # Under new python versions, we need to explicitly set
            # passed fds to be inheritable or they will go away on exec
            if hasattr(os, 'set_inheritable'):
                set_inheritable = os.set_inheritable
            else:
                set_inheritable = lambda i, v: True
            if hasattr(os, 'closerange'):
                keep = sorted(keep)
                min_keep = min(keep)
                max_keep = max(keep)
                os.closerange(3, min_keep)
                os.closerange(max_keep + 1, MAXFD)
                for i in xrange(min_keep, max_keep):
                    if i in keep:
                        set_inheritable(i, True)
                        continue

                    try:
                        os.close(i)
                    except:
                        pass
            else:
                for i in xrange(3, MAXFD):
                    if i in keep:
                        set_inheritable(i, True)
                        continue
                    try:
                        os.close(i)
                    except:
                        pass

        def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
                           pass_fds, cwd, env, universal_newlines,
                           startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
                           p2cread, p2cwrite,
                           c2pread, c2pwrite,
                           errread, errwrite,
                           restore_signals, start_new_session):
            """Execute program (POSIX version)"""

            if PY3 and isinstance(args, (str, bytes)):
                args = [args]
            elif not PY3 and isinstance(args, string_types):
                args = [args]
            else:
                args = list(args)

            if shell:
                args = ["/bin/sh", "-c"] + args
                if executable:
                    args[0] = executable

            if executable is None:
                executable = args[0]

            self._loop.install_sigchld()

            # For transferring possible exec failure from child to parent
            # The first char specifies the exception type: 0 means
            # OSError, 1 means some other error.
            errpipe_read, errpipe_write = self.pipe_cloexec()
            # errpipe_write must not be in the standard io 0, 1, or 2 fd range.
            low_fds_to_close = []
            while errpipe_write < 3:
                low_fds_to_close.append(errpipe_write)
                errpipe_write = os.dup(errpipe_write)
            for low_fd in low_fds_to_close:
                os.close(low_fd)
            try:
                try:
                    gc_was_enabled = gc.isenabled()
                    # Disable gc to avoid bug where gc -> file_dealloc ->
                    # write to stderr -> hang.  http://bugs.python.org/issue1336
                    gc.disable()
                    try:
                        self.pid = fork_and_watch(self._on_child, self._loop, True, fork)
                    except:
                        if gc_was_enabled:
                            gc.enable()
                        raise
                    if self.pid == 0:
                        # Child
                        try:
                            # Close parent's pipe ends
                            if p2cwrite is not None:
                                os.close(p2cwrite)
                            if c2pread is not None:
                                os.close(c2pread)
                            if errread is not None:
                                os.close(errread)
                            os.close(errpipe_read)

                            # When duping fds, if there arises a situation
                            # where one of the fds is either 0, 1 or 2, it
                            # is possible that it is overwritten (#12607).
                            if c2pwrite == 0:
                                c2pwrite = os.dup(c2pwrite)
                            if errwrite == 0 or errwrite == 1:
                                errwrite = os.dup(errwrite)

                            # Dup fds for child
                            def _dup2(a, b):
                                # dup2() removes the CLOEXEC flag but
                                # we must do it ourselves if dup2()
                                # would be a no-op (issue #10806).
                                if a == b:
                                    self._set_cloexec_flag(a, False)
                                elif a is not None:
                                    os.dup2(a, b)
                                self._remove_nonblock_flag(b)
                            _dup2(p2cread, 0)
                            _dup2(c2pwrite, 1)
                            _dup2(errwrite, 2)

                            # Close pipe fds.  Make sure we don't close the
                            # same fd more than once, or standard fds.
                            closed = set([None])
                            for fd in [p2cread, c2pwrite, errwrite]:
                                if fd not in closed and fd > 2:
                                    os.close(fd)
                                    closed.add(fd)

                            if cwd is not None:
                                os.chdir(cwd)

                            if preexec_fn:
                                preexec_fn()

                            # Close all other fds, if asked for. This must be done
                            # after preexec_fn runs.
                            if close_fds:
                                fds_to_keep = set(pass_fds)
                                fds_to_keep.add(errpipe_write)
                                self._close_fds(fds_to_keep)
                            elif hasattr(os, 'get_inheritable'):
                                # close_fds was false, and we're on
                                # Python 3.4 or newer, so "all file
                                # descriptors except standard streams
                                # are closed, and inheritable handles
                                # are only inherited if the close_fds
                                # parameter is False."
                                for i in xrange(3, MAXFD):
                                    try:
                                        if i == errpipe_write or os.get_inheritable(i):
                                            continue
                                        os.close(i)
                                    except:
                                        pass

                            if restore_signals:
                                # restore the documented signals back to sig_dfl;
                                # not all will be defined on every platform
                                for sig in 'SIGPIPE', 'SIGXFZ', 'SIGXFSZ':
                                    sig = getattr(signal, sig, None)
                                    if sig is not None:
                                        signal.signal(sig, signal.SIG_DFL)

                            if start_new_session:
                                os.setsid()

                            if env is None:
                                os.execvp(executable, args)
                            else:
                                os.execvpe(executable, args, env)

                        except:
                            exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
                            # Save the traceback and attach it to the exception object
                            exc_lines = traceback.format_exception(exc_type,
                                                                   exc_value,
                                                                   tb)
                            exc_value.child_traceback = ''.join(exc_lines)
                            os.write(errpipe_write, pickle.dumps(exc_value))

                        finally:
                            # Make sure that the process exits no matter what.
                            # The return code does not matter much as it won't be
                            # reported to the application
                            os._exit(1)

                    # Parent
                    self._child_created = True
                    if gc_was_enabled:
                        gc.enable()
                finally:
                    # be sure the FD is closed no matter what
                    os.close(errpipe_write)

                # self._devnull is not always defined.
                devnull_fd = getattr(self, '_devnull', None)
                if p2cread is not None and p2cwrite is not None and p2cread != devnull_fd:
                    os.close(p2cread)
                if c2pwrite is not None and c2pread is not None and c2pwrite != devnull_fd:
                    os.close(c2pwrite)
                if errwrite is not None and errread is not None and errwrite != devnull_fd:
                    os.close(errwrite)
                if devnull_fd is not None:
                    os.close(devnull_fd)
                # Prevent a double close of these fds from __init__ on error.
                self._closed_child_pipe_fds = True

                # Wait for exec to fail or succeed; possibly raising exception
                errpipe_read = FileObject(errpipe_read, 'rb')
                data = errpipe_read.read()
            finally:
                if hasattr(errpipe_read, 'close'):
                    errpipe_read.close()
                else:
                    os.close(errpipe_read)

            if data != b"":
                self.wait()
                child_exception = pickle.loads(data)
                for fd in (p2cwrite, c2pread, errread):
                    if fd is not None:
                        os.close(fd)
                raise child_exception

        def _handle_exitstatus(self, sts):
            if os.WIFSIGNALED(sts):
                self.returncode = -os.WTERMSIG(sts)
            elif os.WIFEXITED(sts):
                self.returncode = os.WEXITSTATUS(sts)
            else:
                # Should never happen
                raise RuntimeError("Unknown child exit status!")

        def _internal_poll(self):
            """Check if child process has terminated.  Returns returncode
            attribute.
            """
            if self.returncode is None:
                if get_hub() is not getcurrent():
                    sig_pending = getattr(self._loop, 'sig_pending', True)
                    if sig_pending:
                        sleep(0.00001)
            return self.returncode

        def wait(self, timeout=None):
            """Wait for child process to terminate.  Returns :attr:`returncode`
            attribute.

            :keyword timeout: The floating point number of seconds to wait.
                Under Python 2, this is a gevent extension, and we simply return if it
                expires. Under Python 3,
                if this time elapses without finishing the process, :exc:`TimeoutExpired`
                is raised."""
            result = self.result.wait(timeout=timeout)
            if PY3 and timeout is not None and not self.result.ready():
                raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, timeout)
            return result

        def send_signal(self, sig):
            """Send a signal to the process
            """
            os.kill(self.pid, sig)

        def terminate(self):
            """Terminate the process with SIGTERM
            """
            self.send_signal(signal.SIGTERM)

        def kill(self):
            """Kill the process with SIGKILL
            """
            self.send_signal(signal.SIGKILL)


def write_and_close(fobj, data):
    try:
        if data:
            fobj.write(data)
    except (OSError, IOError) as ex:
        if ex.errno != errno.EPIPE and ex.errno != errno.EINVAL:
            raise
    finally:
        try:
            fobj.close()
        except EnvironmentError:
            pass