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<H1>F2PY &shy; Fortran to Python Interface Generator</H1>
by <em>Pearu Peterson</em>

<h2>What's new?</h2>

See <a href="NEWS.txt">NEWS.txt</a> for the latest changes in <code>f2py</code>.
<dl>
  <dt> July ??, 2002
  <dd> Implemented prototype calculator, complete tests for scalar F77
    functions, --help-compiler option. Fixed number of bugs and
    removed obsolete features.
  <dt> April 4, 2002
  <dd> Fixed a nasty bug of copying one-dimensional non-contiguous arrays.
  (Thanks to Travis O. for pointing this out).
  <dt> March 26, 2002
  <dd> Bug fixes, turned off F2PY_REPORT_ATEXIT by default.
  <dt> March 13, 2002
  <dd> MAC support, fixed incomplete dependency calculator, minor bug fixes.
  <dt> March 3, 2002
  <dd> Fixed memory leak and copying of multi-dimensional complex arrays.
  <dt> <a href="oldnews.html">Old news</a>.
</dl>

<h2>Introduction</h2>

Writing Python C/API wrappers for Fortran routines can be a very
tedious task, especially if a Fortran routine takes more than 20
arguments but only few of them are relevant for the problems that they
solve. So, I have developed a tool that generates the C/API modules
containing wrapper functions of Fortran routines. I call this
tool as <em>F2PY &shy; Fortran to Python Interface Generator</em>.
It is completely written in <a href="http://www.python.org">Python</a>
language and can be called from the command line as <code>f2py</code>.
<em>F2PY</em> (in NumPy) is released under the terms of the NumPy License.


<h2><code>f2py</code>, Second Edition</h2>

The development of <code>f2py</code> started in summer of 1999.
For now (January, 2000) it has reached to stage of being a
complete tool: it scans real Fortran code, creates signature file
that the user can modify, constructs C/API module that can be
complied and imported to Python, and it creates LaTeX documentation
for wrapper functions.  Below is a bit longer list of
<code>f2py</code> features:
<ol>
  <li> <code>f2py</code> scans real Fortran codes and produces the signature files.
  The syntax of the signature files is borrowed from the Fortran 90/95
  language specification with some extensions.
  <li> <code>f2py</code> generates a GNU Makefile that can be used
      for building shared modules (see below for a list of supported
  platforms/compilers). Starting from the third release,
  <code>f2py</code> generates <code>setup_modulename.py</code> for
  building extension modules using <code>distutils</code> tools.
  <li> <code>f2py</code>  uses the signature files to produce the wrappers for
      Fortran 77 routines and their <code>COMMON</code> blocks.
  <li> For <code>external</code> arguments <code>f2py</code>  constructs a very flexible
  call-back mechanism so that Python functions can be called from
  Fortran.
  <li> You can pass in almost arbitrary Python objects to wrapper
  functions.  If needed, <code>f2py</code> takes care of type-casting and
  non-contiguous arrays.
  <li> You can modify the signature files so that <code>f2py</code> will generate
  wrapper functions with desired signatures.  <code>depend()</code>
  attribute is introduced to control the initialization order of the
  variables. <code>f2py</code> introduces <code>intent(hide)</code>
  attribute to remove
  the particular argument from the argument list of the wrapper
  function and <code>intent(c)</code> that is useful for wrapping C
libraries.  In addition, <code>optional</code> and
<code>required</code>
  attributes are introduced and employed.
  <li> <code>f2py</code> supports almost all standard Fortran 77/90/95 constructs
  and understands all basic Fortran types, including
  (multi-dimensional, complex) arrays and character strings with
  adjustable and assumed sizes/lengths.
  <li> <code>f2py</code> generates a LaTeX document containing the
  documentations of the wrapped functions (argument types, dimensions,
  etc). The user can easily add some human readable text to the
  documentation by inserting <code>note(&lt;LaTeX text&gt;)</code> attribute to
  the definition of routine signatures.
  <li> With <code>f2py</code> one can access also Fortran 90/95
      module subroutines from Python.
</ol>

For more information, see the <a href="usersguide.html">User's
Guide</a> of the tool. Windows users should also take a look at
<a href="win32_notes.txt">f2py HOWTO for Win32</a> (its latest version
can be found <a
href="http://www.numpy.org/Members/eric/f2py_win32">here</a>).

<h3>Requirements</h3>
<ol>
  <li> You'll need <a
      href="http://www.python.org/download/">Python</a>
      (1.5.2 or later, 2.2 is recommended) to run <code>f2py</code>
      (because it uses exchanged module <code>re</code>).
      To build generated extension modules with distutils setup script,
  you'll need Python 2.x.
  <li> You'll need <a
      href="http://sourceforge.net/project/?group_id=1369">Numerical
      Python</a>
      (version 13 or later, 20.3 is recommended) to compile
      C/API modules (because they use function
      <code>PyArray_FromDimsAndDataAndDescr</code>)
</ol>

<h3>Download</h3>

<dl>
  <dt> User's Guide:
  <dd> <a href="usersguide.html">usersguide.html</a>,
      <a href="usersguide.pdf">usersguide.pdf</a>,
      <a href="usersguide.ps.gz">usersguide.ps.gz</a>,
      <a href="usersguide.dvi">usersguide.dvi</a>.
  <dt> Snapshots of the fifth public release:
  <dd> <a href="2.x">2.x</a>/<a href="2.x/F2PY-2-latest.tar.gz">F2PY-2-latest.tar.gz</a>
  <dt> Snapshots of earlier releases:
  <dd> <a href="rel-5.x">rel-5.x</a>, <a href="rel-4.x">rel-4.x</a>,
    <a href="rel-3.x">rel-3.x</a>,
    <a href="rel-2.x">rel-2.x</a>,<a href="rel-1.x">rel-1.x</a>,
    <a href="rel-0.x">rel-0.x</a>
</dl>

<h3>Installation</h3>

Unpack the source file, change to directory <code>f2py-?-???</code>
and run <code>python setup.py install</code>. That's it!

<h3>Platform/Compiler Related Notes</h3>

<code>f2py</code> has been successfully tested on
<ul>
  <li> Intel Linux (MD7.0,RH6.1,RH4.2,Debian woody), Athlon Linux (RH6.1), Alpha Linux (RH5.2,RH6.1) with <a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">gcc</a> (versions egcs-2.91.60,egcs-2.91.66, and 2.95.2).
  <li> Intel Linux (MD7.0) with <a
      href="http://www.psrv.com/index.html">Pacific-Sierra
      Research</a> <a href="http://www.psrv.com/lnxf90.html">Personal
      Linux VAST/f90 Fortran 90 compiler</a> (version V3.4N5).
  <li> Intel Linux (RH6.1) with <a href="http://www.absoft.com/">Absoft F77/F90</a> compilers for Linux.
  <li> IRIX64 with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">gcc</a> (2.95.2) and <a
href="http://www.sgi.com/developers/devtools/languages/mipspro.html">MIPSpro
7 Compilers</a> (f77,f90,cc versions 7.30).
  <li> Alpha Linux (RH5.2,RH6.1) with <a href="http://www.digital.com/fortran/linux/">Compaq Fortran </a> compiler (version V1.0-920).
  <li> Linux with <a href="http://www.nag.co.uk/">NAGWare</a> Fortran
  95 compiler.
  <li> <a href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/f50/linux/">
  Intel(R) Fortran Compiler for Linux</a>
  <li> Windows 2000 with <a href="http://www.mingw.org">mingw32</a>.
</ul>
<code>f2py</code> will probably run on other UN*X systems as
well. Additions to the list of platforms/compilers where
<code>f2py</code> has been successfully used are most welcome.
<P>
<em>Note:</em>
Using Compaq Fortran
compiler on Alpha Linux is succesful unless when
wrapping Fortran callback functions returning
<code>COMPLEX</code>. This applies also for IRIX64.
<P>
<em>Note:</em>
Fortran 90/95 module support is currently tested with Absoft F90, VAST/f90, Intel F90 compilers on Linux (MD7.0,Debian woody).


<h3><a name="f2py-users">Mailing list</a></h3>

There is a mailing list <a
href="http://cens.ioc.ee/pipermail/f2py-users/">f2py-users</a> 
available for the users of the <code>f2py</code> 
program and it is open for discussion, questions, and answers. You can subscribe
the list <a href="http://cens.ioc.ee/mailman/listinfo/f2py-users">here</a>.

<h3><a href="http://cens.ioc.ee/cgi-bin/cvsweb/python/f2py2e/">CVS Repository</a></h3>

<code>f2py</code> is being developed under <a href="http://www.sourcegear.com/CVS">CVS</a> and those who are
interested in the really latest version of <code>f2py</code> (possibly
unstable) can get it from the repository as follows:
<ol>
  <li> First you need to login (the password is <code>guest</code>):
<pre>
> cvs -d :pserver:anonymous@cens.ioc.ee:/home/cvs login
</pre>
  <li> and then do the checkout:
<pre>
> cvs -z6 -d :pserver:anonymous@cens.ioc.ee:/home/cvs checkout f2py2e
</pre>
  <li> In the directory <code>f2py2e</code> you can get the updates by hitting
<pre>
> cvs -z6 update -P -d
</pre>
</ol>
You can browse <code>f2py</code> CVS repository <a href="http://cens.ioc.ee/cgi-bin/cvsweb/python/f2py2e/">here</a>.

<h2>Related sites</h2>

<ol>
  <li> <a href="http://pfdubois.com/numpy/" target="_top">Numerical Python</a>.
  <li> <a href="http://pyfortran.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">Pyfort</a> -- The Python-Fortran connection tool.
  <li> <a href="http://starship.python.net/crew/hinsen/scientific.html" target="_top">Scientific Python</a>.
  <li> <a href="http://numpy.org/" target="_top">SciPy</a> -- Scientific tools for Python (includes Multipack).
  <li> <a href="http://www.fortran.com/fortran/" target="_top">The Fortran Company</a>.
  <li> <a href="http://www.j3-fortran.org/" target="_top">Fortran Standards</a>.

  <li> <a href="http://www.fortran.com/fortran/F77_std/rjcnf.html">American National Standard Programming Language FORTRAN ANSI(R) X3.9-1978</a>
  <li> <a href="http://www.mathtools.net" target="_top">Mathtools.net</a> -- A technical computing portal for all scientific and engineering needs.

</ol>

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