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/ image.py
"""
The image module supports basic image loading, rescaling and display
operations.
"""
from io import BytesIO
from math import ceil
import os
import logging
from pathlib import Path
import urllib.parse
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import rcParams
import matplotlib.artist as martist
from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
import matplotlib.colors as mcolors
import matplotlib.cm as cm
import matplotlib.cbook as cbook
# For clarity, names from _image are given explicitly in this module:
import matplotlib._image as _image
# For user convenience, the names from _image are also imported into
# the image namespace:
from matplotlib._image import *
from matplotlib.transforms import (Affine2D, BboxBase, Bbox, BboxTransform,
IdentityTransform, TransformedBbox)
_log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# map interpolation strings to module constants
_interpd_ = {
'none': _image.NEAREST, # fall back to nearest when not supported
'nearest': _image.NEAREST,
'bilinear': _image.BILINEAR,
'bicubic': _image.BICUBIC,
'spline16': _image.SPLINE16,
'spline36': _image.SPLINE36,
'hanning': _image.HANNING,
'hamming': _image.HAMMING,
'hermite': _image.HERMITE,
'kaiser': _image.KAISER,
'quadric': _image.QUADRIC,
'catrom': _image.CATROM,
'gaussian': _image.GAUSSIAN,
'bessel': _image.BESSEL,
'mitchell': _image.MITCHELL,
'sinc': _image.SINC,
'lanczos': _image.LANCZOS,
'blackman': _image.BLACKMAN,
}
interpolations_names = set(_interpd_)
def composite_images(images, renderer, magnification=1.0):
"""
Composite a number of RGBA images into one. The images are
composited in the order in which they appear in the `images` list.
Parameters
----------
images : list of Images
Each must have a `make_image` method. For each image,
`can_composite` should return `True`, though this is not
enforced by this function. Each image must have a purely
affine transformation with no shear.
renderer : RendererBase instance
magnification : float
The additional magnification to apply for the renderer in use.
Returns
-------
tuple : image, offset_x, offset_y
Returns the tuple:
- image: A numpy array of the same type as the input images.
- offset_x, offset_y: The offset of the image (left, bottom)
in the output figure.
"""
if len(images) == 0:
return np.empty((0, 0, 4), dtype=np.uint8), 0, 0
parts = []
bboxes = []
for image in images:
data, x, y, trans = image.make_image(renderer, magnification)
if data is not None:
x *= magnification
y *= magnification
parts.append((data, x, y, image.get_alpha() or 1.0))
bboxes.append(
Bbox([[x, y], [x + data.shape[1], y + data.shape[0]]]))
if len(parts) == 0:
return np.empty((0, 0, 4), dtype=np.uint8), 0, 0
bbox = Bbox.union(bboxes)
output = np.zeros(
(int(bbox.height), int(bbox.width), 4), dtype=np.uint8)
for data, x, y, alpha in parts:
trans = Affine2D().translate(x - bbox.x0, y - bbox.y0)
_image.resample(data, output, trans, _image.NEAREST,
resample=False, alpha=alpha)
return output, bbox.x0 / magnification, bbox.y0 / magnification
def _draw_list_compositing_images(
renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite=None):
"""
Draw a sorted list of artists, compositing images into a single
image where possible.
For internal matplotlib use only: It is here to reduce duplication
between `Figure.draw` and `Axes.draw`, but otherwise should not be
generally useful.
"""
has_images = any(isinstance(x, _ImageBase) for x in artists)
# override the renderer default if suppressComposite is not None
not_composite = (suppress_composite if suppress_composite is not None
else renderer.option_image_nocomposite())
if not_composite or not has_images:
for a in artists:
a.draw(renderer)
else:
# Composite any adjacent images together
image_group = []
mag = renderer.get_image_magnification()
def flush_images():
if len(image_group) == 1:
image_group[0].draw(renderer)
elif len(image_group) > 1:
data, l, b = composite_images(image_group, renderer, mag)
if data.size != 0:
gc = renderer.new_gc()
gc.set_clip_rectangle(parent.bbox)
gc.set_clip_path(parent.get_clip_path())
renderer.draw_image(gc, np.round(l), np.round(b), data)
gc.restore()
del image_group[:]
for a in artists:
if isinstance(a, _ImageBase) and a.can_composite():
image_group.append(a)
else:
flush_images()
a.draw(renderer)
flush_images()
def _rgb_to_rgba(A):
"""
Convert an RGB image to RGBA, as required by the image resample C++
extension.
"""
rgba = np.zeros((A.shape[0], A.shape[1], 4), dtype=A.dtype)
rgba[:, :, :3] = A
if rgba.dtype == np.uint8:
rgba[:, :, 3] = 255
else:
rgba[:, :, 3] = 1.0
return rgba
class _ImageBase(martist.Artist, cm.ScalarMappable):
zorder = 0
def __str__(self):
return "AxesImage(%g,%g;%gx%g)" % tuple(self.axes.bbox.bounds)
def __init__(self, ax,
cmap=None,
norm=None,
interpolation=None,
origin=None,
filternorm=True,
filterrad=4.0,
resample=False,
**kwargs
):
"""
interpolation and cmap default to their rc settings
cmap is a colors.Colormap instance
norm is a colors.Normalize instance to map luminance to 0-1
extent is data axes (left, right, bottom, top) for making image plots
registered with data plots. Default is to label the pixel
centers with the zero-based row and column indices.
Additional kwargs are matplotlib.artist properties
"""
martist.Artist.__init__(self)
cm.ScalarMappable.__init__(self, norm, cmap)
self._mouseover = True
if origin is None:
origin = rcParams['image.origin']
self.origin = origin
self.set_filternorm(filternorm)
self.set_filterrad(filterrad)
self.set_interpolation(interpolation)
self.set_resample(resample)
self.axes = ax
self._imcache = None
self.update(kwargs)
def __getstate__(self):
state = super().__getstate__()
# We can't pickle the C Image cached object.
state['_imcache'] = None
return state
def get_size(self):
"""Get the numrows, numcols of the input image"""
if self._A is None:
raise RuntimeError('You must first set the image array')
return self._A.shape[:2]
def set_alpha(self, alpha):
"""
Set the alpha value used for blending - not supported on all backends.
Parameters
----------
alpha : float
"""
martist.Artist.set_alpha(self, alpha)
self._imcache = None
def changed(self):
"""
Call this whenever the mappable is changed so observers can
update state
"""
self._imcache = None
self._rgbacache = None
cm.ScalarMappable.changed(self)
def _make_image(self, A, in_bbox, out_bbox, clip_bbox, magnification=1.0,
unsampled=False, round_to_pixel_border=True):
"""
Normalize, rescale, and colormap the image *A* from the given *in_bbox*
(in data space), to the given *out_bbox* (in pixel space) clipped to
the given *clip_bbox* (also in pixel space), and magnified by the
*magnification* factor.
*A* may be a greyscale image (M, N) with a dtype of float32, float64,
float128, uint16 or uint8, or an (M, N, 4) RGBA image with a dtype of
float32, float64, float128, or uint8.
If *unsampled* is True, the image will not be scaled, but an
appropriate affine transformation will be returned instead.
If *round_to_pixel_border* is True, the output image size will be
rounded to the nearest pixel boundary. This makes the images align
correctly with the axes. It should not be used if exact scaling is
needed, such as for `FigureImage`.
Returns
-------
image : (M, N, 4) uint8 array
The RGBA image, resampled unless *unsampled* is True.
x, y : float
The upper left corner where the image should be drawn, in pixel
space.
trans : Affine2D
The affine transformation from image to pixel space.
"""
if A is None:
raise RuntimeError('You must first set the image '
'array or the image attribute')
if A.size == 0:
raise RuntimeError("_make_image must get a non-empty image. "
"Your Artist's draw method must filter before "
"this method is called.")
clipped_bbox = Bbox.intersection(out_bbox, clip_bbox)
if clipped_bbox is None:
return None, 0, 0, None
out_width_base = clipped_bbox.width * magnification
out_height_base = clipped_bbox.height * magnification
if out_width_base == 0 or out_height_base == 0:
return None, 0, 0, None
if self.origin == 'upper':
# Flip the input image using a transform. This avoids the
# problem with flipping the array, which results in a copy
# when it is converted to contiguous in the C wrapper
t0 = Affine2D().translate(0, -A.shape[0]).scale(1, -1)
else:
t0 = IdentityTransform()
t0 += (
Affine2D()
.scale(
in_bbox.width / A.shape[1],
in_bbox.height / A.shape[0])
.translate(in_bbox.x0, in_bbox.y0)
+ self.get_transform())
t = (t0
+ Affine2D().translate(
-clipped_bbox.x0,
-clipped_bbox.y0)
.scale(magnification, magnification))
# So that the image is aligned with the edge of the axes, we want
# to round up the output width to the next integer. This also
# means scaling the transform just slightly to account for the
# extra subpixel.
if (t.is_affine and round_to_pixel_border and
(out_width_base % 1.0 != 0.0 or out_height_base % 1.0 != 0.0)):
out_width = int(ceil(out_width_base))
out_height = int(ceil(out_height_base))
extra_width = (out_width - out_width_base) / out_width_base
extra_height = (out_height - out_height_base) / out_height_base
t += Affine2D().scale(1.0 + extra_width, 1.0 + extra_height)
else:
out_width = int(out_width_base)
out_height = int(out_height_base)
if not unsampled:
if A.ndim not in (2, 3):
raise ValueError("Invalid shape {} for image data"
.format(A.shape))
if A.ndim == 2:
# if we are a 2D array, then we are running through the
# norm + colormap transformation. However, in general the
# input data is not going to match the size on the screen so we
# have to resample to the correct number of pixels
# need to
# TODO slice input array first
inp_dtype = A.dtype
a_min = A.min()
a_max = A.max()
# figure out the type we should scale to. For floats,
# leave as is. For integers cast to an appropriate-sized
# float. Small integers get smaller floats in an attempt
# to keep the memory footprint reasonable.
if a_min is np.ma.masked:
# all masked, so values don't matter
a_min, a_max = np.int32(0), np.int32(1)
if inp_dtype.kind == 'f':
scaled_dtype = A.dtype
# Cast to float64
if A.dtype not in (np.float32, np.float16):
if A.dtype != np.float64:
cbook._warn_external("Casting input data from "
"'{0}' to 'float64' for "
"imshow".format(A.dtype))
scaled_dtype = np.float64
else:
# probably an integer of some type.
da = a_max.astype(np.float64) - a_min.astype(np.float64)
if da > 1e8:
# give more breathing room if a big dynamic range
scaled_dtype = np.float64
else:
scaled_dtype = np.float32
# scale the input data to [.1, .9]. The Agg
# interpolators clip to [0, 1] internally, use a
# smaller input scale to identify which of the
# interpolated points need to be should be flagged as
# over / under.
# This may introduce numeric instabilities in very broadly
# scaled data
A_scaled = np.empty(A.shape, dtype=scaled_dtype)
A_scaled[:] = A
# clip scaled data around norm if necessary.
# This is necessary for big numbers at the edge of
# float64's ability to represent changes. Applying
# a norm first would be good, but ruins the interpolation
# of over numbers.
self.norm.autoscale_None(A)
dv = (np.float64(self.norm.vmax) -
np.float64(self.norm.vmin))
vmid = self.norm.vmin + dv / 2
fact = 1e7 if scaled_dtype == np.float64 else 1e4
newmin = vmid - dv * fact
if newmin < a_min:
newmin = None
else:
a_min = np.float64(newmin)
newmax = vmid + dv * fact
if newmax > a_max:
newmax = None
else:
a_max = np.float64(newmax)
if newmax is not None or newmin is not None:
A_scaled = np.clip(A_scaled, newmin, newmax)
A_scaled -= a_min
# a_min and a_max might be ndarray subclasses so use
# item to avoid errors
a_min = a_min.astype(scaled_dtype).item()
a_max = a_max.astype(scaled_dtype).item()
if a_min != a_max:
A_scaled /= ((a_max - a_min) / 0.8)
A_scaled += 0.1
A_resampled = np.zeros((out_height, out_width),
dtype=A_scaled.dtype)
# resample the input data to the correct resolution and shape
_image.resample(A_scaled, A_resampled,
t,
_interpd_[self.get_interpolation()],
self.get_resample(), 1.0,
self.get_filternorm(),
self.get_filterrad())
# we are done with A_scaled now, remove from namespace
# to be sure!
del A_scaled
# un-scale the resampled data to approximately the
# original range things that interpolated to above /
# below the original min/max will still be above /
# below, but possibly clipped in the case of higher order
# interpolation + drastically changing data.
A_resampled -= 0.1
if a_min != a_max:
A_resampled *= ((a_max - a_min) / 0.8)
A_resampled += a_min
# if using NoNorm, cast back to the original datatype
if isinstance(self.norm, mcolors.NoNorm):
A_resampled = A_resampled.astype(A.dtype)
mask = np.empty(A.shape, dtype=np.float32)
if A.mask.shape == A.shape:
# this is the case of a nontrivial mask
mask[:] = np.where(A.mask, np.float32(np.nan),
np.float32(1))
else:
mask[:] = 1
# we always have to interpolate the mask to account for
# non-affine transformations
out_mask = np.zeros((out_height, out_width),
dtype=mask.dtype)
_image.resample(mask, out_mask,
t,
_interpd_[self.get_interpolation()],
True, 1,
self.get_filternorm(),
self.get_filterrad())
# we are done with the mask, delete from namespace to be sure!
del mask
# Agg updates the out_mask in place. If the pixel has
# no image data it will not be updated (and still be 0
# as we initialized it), if input data that would go
# into that output pixel than it will be `nan`, if all
# the input data for a pixel is good it will be 1, and
# if there is _some_ good data in that output pixel it
# will be between [0, 1] (such as a rotated image).
out_alpha = np.array(out_mask)
out_mask = np.isnan(out_mask)
out_alpha[out_mask] = 1
# mask and run through the norm
output = self.norm(np.ma.masked_array(A_resampled, out_mask))
else:
# Always convert to RGBA, even if only RGB input
if A.shape[2] == 3:
A = _rgb_to_rgba(A)
elif A.shape[2] != 4:
raise ValueError("Invalid shape {} for image data"
.format(A.shape))
output = np.zeros((out_height, out_width, 4), dtype=A.dtype)
output_a = np.zeros((out_height, out_width), dtype=A.dtype)
alpha = self.get_alpha()
if alpha is None:
alpha = 1
#resample alpha channel
alpha_channel = A[..., 3]
_image.resample(
alpha_channel, output_a, t,
_interpd_[self.get_interpolation()],
self.get_resample(), alpha,
self.get_filternorm(), self.get_filterrad())
#resample rgb channels
A = _rgb_to_rgba(A[..., :3])
_image.resample(
A, output, t,
_interpd_[self.get_interpolation()],
self.get_resample(), alpha,
self.get_filternorm(), self.get_filterrad())
#recombine rgb and alpha channels
output[..., 3] = output_a
# at this point output is either a 2D array of normed data
# (of int or float)
# or an RGBA array of re-sampled input
output = self.to_rgba(output, bytes=True, norm=False)
# output is now a correctly sized RGBA array of uint8
# Apply alpha *after* if the input was greyscale without a mask
if A.ndim == 2:
alpha = self.get_alpha()
if alpha is None:
alpha = 1
alpha_channel = output[:, :, 3]
alpha_channel[:] = np.asarray(
np.asarray(alpha_channel, np.float32) * out_alpha * alpha,
np.uint8)
else:
if self._imcache is None:
self._imcache = self.to_rgba(A, bytes=True, norm=(A.ndim == 2))
output = self._imcache
# Subset the input image to only the part that will be
# displayed
subset = TransformedBbox(
clip_bbox, t0.frozen().inverted()).frozen()
output = output[
int(max(subset.ymin, 0)):
int(min(subset.ymax + 1, output.shape[0])),
int(max(subset.xmin, 0)):
int(min(subset.xmax + 1, output.shape[1]))]
t = Affine2D().translate(
int(max(subset.xmin, 0)), int(max(subset.ymin, 0))) + t
return output, clipped_bbox.x0, clipped_bbox.y0, t
def make_image(self, renderer, magnification=1.0, unsampled=False):
"""
Normalize, rescale, and colormap this image's data for rendering using
*renderer*, with the given *magnification*.
If *unsampled* is True, the image will not be scaled, but an
appropriate affine transformation will be returned instead.
Returns
-------
image : (M, N, 4) uint8 array
The RGBA image, resampled unless *unsampled* is True.
x, y : float
The upper left corner where the image should be drawn, in pixel
space.
trans : Affine2D
The affine transformation from image to pixel space.
"""
raise NotImplementedError('The make_image method must be overridden')
def _draw_unsampled_image(self, renderer, gc):
"""
draw unsampled image. The renderer should support a draw_image method
with scale parameter.
"""
im, l, b, trans = self.make_image(renderer, unsampled=True)
if im is None:
return
trans = Affine2D().scale(im.shape[1], im.shape[0]) + trans
renderer.draw_image(gc, l, b, im, trans)
def _check_unsampled_image(self, renderer):
"""
return True if the image is better to be drawn unsampled.
The derived class needs to override it.
"""
return False
@martist.allow_rasterization
def draw(self, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
# if not visible, declare victory and return
if not self.get_visible():
self.stale = False
return
# for empty images, there is nothing to draw!
if self.get_array().size == 0:
self.stale = False
return
# actually render the image.
gc = renderer.new_gc()
self._set_gc_clip(gc)
gc.set_alpha(self.get_alpha())
gc.set_url(self.get_url())
gc.set_gid(self.get_gid())
if (self._check_unsampled_image(renderer) and
self.get_transform().is_affine):
self._draw_unsampled_image(renderer, gc)
else:
im, l, b, trans = self.make_image(
renderer, renderer.get_image_magnification())
if im is not None:
renderer.draw_image(gc, l, b, im)
gc.restore()
self.stale = False
def contains(self, mouseevent):
"""
Test whether the mouse event occurred within the image.
"""
if self._contains is not None:
return self._contains(self, mouseevent)
# 1) This doesn't work for figimage; but figimage also needs a fix
# below (as the check cannot use x/ydata and extents).
# 2) As long as the check below uses x/ydata, we need to test axes
# identity instead of `self.axes.contains(event)` because even if
# axes overlap, x/ydata is only valid for event.inaxes anyways.
if self.axes is not mouseevent.inaxes:
return False, {}
# TODO: make sure this is consistent with patch and patch
# collection on nonlinear transformed coordinates.
# TODO: consider returning image coordinates (shouldn't
# be too difficult given that the image is rectilinear
x, y = mouseevent.xdata, mouseevent.ydata
xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax = self.get_extent()
if xmin > xmax:
xmin, xmax = xmax, xmin
if ymin > ymax:
ymin, ymax = ymax, ymin
if x is not None and y is not None:
inside = (xmin <= x <= xmax) and (ymin <= y <= ymax)
else:
inside = False
return inside, {}
def write_png(self, fname):
"""Write the image to png file with fname"""
from matplotlib import _png
im = self.to_rgba(self._A[::-1] if self.origin == 'lower' else self._A,
bytes=True, norm=True)
_png.write_png(im, fname)
def set_data(self, A):
"""
Set the image array.
Note that this function does *not* update the normalization used.
Parameters
----------
A : array-like or `PIL.Image.Image`
"""
try:
from PIL import Image
except ImportError:
pass
else:
if isinstance(A, Image.Image):
A = pil_to_array(A) # Needed e.g. to apply png palette.
self._A = cbook.safe_masked_invalid(A, copy=True)
if (self._A.dtype != np.uint8 and
not np.can_cast(self._A.dtype, float, "same_kind")):
raise TypeError("Image data of dtype {} cannot be converted to "
"float".format(self._A.dtype))
if not (self._A.ndim == 2
or self._A.ndim == 3 and self._A.shape[-1] in [3, 4]):
raise TypeError("Invalid shape {} for image data"
.format(self._A.shape))
if self._A.ndim == 3:
# If the input data has values outside the valid range (after
# normalisation), we issue a warning and then clip X to the bounds
# - otherwise casting wraps extreme values, hiding outliers and
# making reliable interpretation impossible.
high = 255 if np.issubdtype(self._A.dtype, np.integer) else 1
if self._A.min() < 0 or high < self._A.max():
_log.warning(
'Clipping input data to the valid range for imshow with '
'RGB data ([0..1] for floats or [0..255] for integers).'
)
self._A = np.clip(self._A, 0, high)
# Cast unsupported integer types to uint8
if self._A.dtype != np.uint8 and np.issubdtype(self._A.dtype,
np.integer):
self._A = self._A.astype(np.uint8)
self._imcache = None
self._rgbacache = None
self.stale = True
def set_array(self, A):
"""
Retained for backwards compatibility - use set_data instead.
Parameters
----------
A : array-like
"""
# This also needs to be here to override the inherited
# cm.ScalarMappable.set_array method so it is not invoked by mistake.
self.set_data(A)
def get_interpolation(self):
"""
Return the interpolation method the image uses when resizing.
One of 'nearest', 'bilinear', 'bicubic', 'spline16', 'spline36',
'hanning', 'hamming', 'hermite', 'kaiser', 'quadric', 'catrom',
'gaussian', 'bessel', 'mitchell', 'sinc', 'lanczos', or 'none'.
"""
return self._interpolation
def set_interpolation(self, s):
"""
Set the interpolation method the image uses when resizing.
if None, use a value from rc setting. If 'none', the image is
shown as is without interpolating. 'none' is only supported in
agg, ps and pdf backends and will fall back to 'nearest' mode
for other backends.
Parameters
----------
s : {'nearest', 'bilinear', 'bicubic', 'spline16', 'spline36', \
'hanning', 'hamming', 'hermite', 'kaiser', 'quadric', 'catrom', 'gaussian', \
'bessel', 'mitchell', 'sinc', 'lanczos', 'none'}
"""
if s is None:
s = rcParams['image.interpolation']
s = s.lower()
if s not in _interpd_:
raise ValueError('Illegal interpolation string')
self._interpolation = s
self.stale = True
def can_composite(self):
"""Return whether the image can be composited with its neighbors."""
trans = self.get_transform()
return (
self._interpolation != 'none' and
trans.is_affine and
trans.is_separable)
def set_resample(self, v):
"""
Set whether image resampling is used.
Parameters
----------
v : bool or None
If None, use :rc:`image.resample` = True.
"""
if v is None:
v = rcParams['image.resample']
self._resample = v
self.stale = True
def get_resample(self):
"""Return whether image resampling is used."""
return self._resample
def set_filternorm(self, filternorm):
"""
Set whether the resize filter normalizes the weights.
See help for `~.Axes.imshow`.
Parameters
----------
filternorm : bool
"""
self._filternorm = bool(filternorm)
self.stale = True
def get_filternorm(self):
"""Return whether the resize filter normalizes the weights."""
return self._filternorm
def set_filterrad(self, filterrad):
"""
Set the resize filter radius only applicable to some
interpolation schemes -- see help for imshow
Parameters
----------
filterrad : positive float
"""
r = float(filterrad)
if r <= 0:
raise ValueError("The filter radius must be a positive number")
self._filterrad = r
self.stale = True
def get_filterrad(self):
"""Return the filterrad setting."""
return self._filterrad
class AxesImage(_ImageBase):
def __str__(self):
return "AxesImage(%g,%g;%gx%g)" % tuple(self.axes.bbox.bounds)
def __init__(self, ax,
cmap=None,
norm=None,
interpolation=None,
origin=None,
extent=None,
filternorm=1,
filterrad=4.0,
resample=False,
**kwargs
):
"""
interpolation and cmap default to their rc settings
cmap is a colors.Colormap instance
norm is a colors.Normalize instance to map luminance to 0-1
extent is data axes (left, right, bottom, top) for making image plots
registered with data plots. Default is to label the pixel
centers with the zero-based row and column indices.
Additional kwargs are matplotlib.artist properties
"""
self._extent = extent
super().__init__(
ax,
cmap=cmap,
norm=norm,
interpolation=interpolation,
origin=origin,
filternorm=filternorm,
filterrad=filterrad,
resample=resample,
**kwargs
)
def get_window_extent(self, renderer=None):
x0, x1, y0, y1 = self._extent
bbox = Bbox.from_extents([x0, y0, x1, y1])
return bbox.transformed(self.axes.transData)
def make_image(self, renderer, magnification=1.0, unsampled=False):
# docstring inherited
trans = self.get_transform()
# image is created in the canvas coordinate.
x1, x2, y1, y2 = self.get_extent()
bbox = Bbox(np.array([[x1, y1], [x2, y2]]))
transformed_bbox = TransformedBbox(bbox, trans)
return self._make_image(
self._A, bbox, transformed_bbox, self.axes.bbox, magnification,
unsampled=unsampled)
def _check_unsampled_image(self, renderer):
"""
Return whether the image would be better drawn unsampled.
"""
return (self.get_interpolation() == "none"
and renderer.option_scale_image())
def set_extent(self, extent):
"""
extent is data axes (left, right, bottom, top) for making image plots
This updates ax.dataLim, and, if autoscaling, sets viewLim
to tightly fit the image, regardless of dataLim. Autoscaling
state is not changed, so following this with ax.autoscale_view
will redo the autoscaling in accord with dataLim.
"""
self._extent = xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax = extent
corners = (xmin, ymin), (xmax, ymax)
self.axes.update_datalim(corners)
self.sticky_edges.x[:] = [xmin, xmax]
self.sticky_edges.y[:] = [ymin, ymax]
if self.axes._autoscaleXon:
self.axes.set_xlim((xmin, xmax), auto=None)
if self.axes._autoscaleYon:
self.axes.set_ylim((ymin, ymax), auto=None)
self.stale = True
def get_extent(self):
"""Get the image extent: left, right, bottom, top"""
if self._extent is not None:
return self._extent
else:
sz = self.get_size()
numrows, numcols = sz
if self.origin == 'upper':
return (-0.5, numcols-0.5, numrows-0.5, -0.5)
else:
return (-0.5, numcols-0.5, -0.5, numrows-0.5)
def get_cursor_data(self, event):
"""
Return the image value at the event position or *None* if the event is
outside the image.
See Also
--------
matplotlib.artist.Artist.get_cursor_data
"""
xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax = self.get_extent()
if self.origin == 'upper':
ymin, ymax = ymax, ymin
arr = self.get_array()
data_extent = Bbox([[ymin, xmin], [ymax, xmax]])
array_extent = Bbox([[0, 0], arr.shape[:2]])
trans = BboxTransform(boxin=data_extent, boxout=array_extent)
y, x = event.ydata, event.xdata
point = trans.transform_point([y, x])
if any(np.isnan(point)):
return None
i, j = point.astype(int)
# Clip the coordinates at array bounds
if not (0 <= i < arr.shape[0]) or not (0 <= j < arr.shape[1]):
return None
else:
return arr[i, j]
def format_cursor_data(self, data):
if np.ndim(data) == 0 and self.colorbar:
return (
"["
+ cbook.strip_math(
self.colorbar.formatter.format_data_short(data)).strip()
+ "]")
else:
return super().format_cursor_data(data)
class NonUniformImage(AxesImage):
def __init__(self, ax, *, interpolation='nearest', **kwargs):
"""
kwargs are identical to those for AxesImage, except
that 'nearest' and 'bilinear' are the only supported 'interpolation'
options.
"""
super().__init__(ax, **kwargs)
self.set_interpolation(interpolation)
def _check_unsampled_image(self, renderer):
"""
return False. Do not use unsampled image.
"""
return False
def make_image(self, renderer, magnification=1.0, unsampled=False):
# docstring inherited
if self._A is None:
raise RuntimeError('You must first set the image array')
if unsampled:
raise ValueError('unsampled not supported on NonUniformImage')
A = self._A
if A.ndim == 2:
if A.dtype != np.uint8:
A = self.to_rgba(A, bytes=True)
self.is_grayscale = self.cmap.is_gray()
else:
A = np.repeat(A[:, :, np.newaxis], 4, 2)
A[:, :, 3] = 255
self.is_grayscale = True
else:
if A.dtype != np.uint8:
A = (255*A).astype(np.uint8)
if A.shape[2] == 3:
B = np.zeros(tuple([*A.shape[0:2], 4]), np.uint8)
B[:, :, 0:3] = A
B[:, :, 3] = 255
A = B
self.is_grayscale = False
x0, y0, v_width, v_height = self.axes.viewLim.bounds
l, b, r, t = self.axes.bbox.extents
width = (np.round(r) + 0.5) - (np.round(l) - 0.5)
height = (np.round(t) + 0.5) - (np.round(b) - 0.5)
width *= magnification
height *= magnification
im = _image.pcolor(self._Ax, self._Ay, A,
int(height), int(width),
(x0, x0+v_width, y0, y0+v_height),
_interpd_[self._interpolation])
return im, l, b, IdentityTransform()
def set_data(self, x, y, A):
"""
Set the grid for the pixel centers, and the pixel values.
*x* and *y* are monotonic 1-D ndarrays of lengths N and M,
respectively, specifying pixel centers
*A* is an (M,N) ndarray or masked array of values to be
colormapped, or a (M,N,3) RGB array, or a (M,N,4) RGBA
array.
"""
x = np.array(x, np.float32)
y = np.array(y, np.float32)
A = cbook.safe_masked_invalid(A, copy=True)
if not (x.ndim == y.ndim == 1 and A.shape[0:2] == y.shape + x.shape):
raise TypeError("Axes don't match array shape")
if A.ndim not in [2, 3]:
raise TypeError("Can only plot 2D or 3D data")
if A.ndim == 3 and A.shape[2] not in [1, 3, 4]:
raise TypeError("3D arrays must have three (RGB) "
"or four (RGBA) color components")
if A.ndim == 3 and A.shape[2] == 1:
A.shape = A.shape[0:2]
self._A = A
self._Ax = x
self._Ay = y
self._imcache = None
self.stale = True
def set_array(self, *args):
raise NotImplementedError('Method not supported')
def set_interpolation(self, s):
"""
Parameters
----------
s : str, None
Either 'nearest', 'bilinear', or ``None``.
"""
if s is not None and s not in ('nearest', 'bilinear'):
raise NotImplementedError('Only nearest neighbor and '
'bilinear interpolations are supported')
AxesImage.set_interpolation(self, s)
def get_extent(self):
if self._A is None:
raise RuntimeError('Must set data first')
return self._Ax[0], self._Ax[-1], self._Ay[0], self._Ay[-1]
def set_filternorm(self, s):
pass
def set_filterrad(self, s):
pass
def set_norm(self, norm):
if self._A is not None:
raise RuntimeError('Cannot change colors after loading data')
super().set_norm(norm)
def set_cmap(self, cmap):
if self._A is not None:
raise RuntimeError('Cannot change colors after loading data')
super().set_cmap(cmap)
class PcolorImage(AxesImage):
"""
Make a pcolor-style plot with an irregular rectangular grid.
This uses a variation of the original irregular image code,
and it is used by pcolorfast for the corresponding grid type.
"""
def __init__(self, ax,
x=None,
y=None,
A=None,
cmap=None,
norm=None,
**kwargs
):
"""
cmap defaults to its rc setting
cmap is a colors.Colormap instance
norm is a colors.Normalize instance to map luminance to 0-1
Additional kwargs are matplotlib.artist properties
"""
super().__init__(ax, norm=norm, cmap=cmap)
self.update(kwargs)
if A is not None:
self.set_data(x, y, A)
def make_image(self, renderer, magnification=1.0, unsampled=False):
# docstring inherited
if self._A is None:
raise RuntimeError('You must first set the image array')
if unsampled:
raise ValueError('unsampled not supported on PColorImage')
fc = self.axes.patch.get_facecolor()
bg = mcolors.to_rgba(fc, 0)
bg = (np.array(bg)*255).astype(np.uint8)
l, b, r, t = self.axes.bbox.extents
width = (np.round(r) + 0.5) - (np.round(l) - 0.5)
height = (np.round(t) + 0.5) - (np.round(b) - 0.5)
# The extra cast-to-int is only needed for python2
width = int(np.round(width * magnification))
height = int(np.round(height * magnification))
if self._rgbacache is None:
A = self.to_rgba(self._A, bytes=True)
self._rgbacache = A
if self._A.ndim == 2:
self.is_grayscale = self.cmap.is_gray()
else:
A = self._rgbacache
vl = self.axes.viewLim
im = _image.pcolor2(self._Ax, self._Ay, A,
height,
width,
(vl.x0, vl.x1, vl.y0, vl.y1),
bg)
return im, l, b, IdentityTransform()
def _check_unsampled_image(self, renderer):
return False
def set_data(self, x, y, A):
"""
Set the grid for the rectangle boundaries, and the data values.
*x* and *y* are monotonic 1-D ndarrays of lengths N+1 and M+1,
respectively, specifying rectangle boundaries. If None,
they will be created as uniform arrays from 0 through N
and 0 through M, respectively.
*A* is an (M,N) ndarray or masked array of values to be
colormapped, or a (M,N,3) RGB array, or a (M,N,4) RGBA
array.
"""
A = cbook.safe_masked_invalid(A, copy=True)
if x is None:
x = np.arange(0, A.shape[1]+1, dtype=np.float64)
else:
x = np.array(x, np.float64).ravel()
if y is None:
y = np.arange(0, A.shape[0]+1, dtype=np.float64)
else:
y = np.array(y, np.float64).ravel()
if A.shape[:2] != (y.size-1, x.size-1):
raise ValueError(
"Axes don't match array shape. Got %s, expected %s." %
(A.shape[:2], (y.size - 1, x.size - 1)))
if A.ndim not in [2, 3]:
raise ValueError("A must be 2D or 3D")
if A.ndim == 3 and A.shape[2] == 1:
A.shape = A.shape[:2]
self.is_grayscale = False
if A.ndim == 3:
if A.shape[2] in [3, 4]:
if ((A[:, :, 0] == A[:, :, 1]).all() and
(A[:, :, 0] == A[:, :, 2]).all()):
self.is_grayscale = True
else:
raise ValueError("3D arrays must have RGB or RGBA as last dim")
# For efficient cursor readout, ensure x and y are increasing.
if x[-1] < x[0]:
x = x[::-1]
A = A[:, ::-1]
if y[-1] < y[0]:
y = y[::-1]
A = A[::-1]
self._A = A
self._Ax = x
self._Ay = y
self._rgbacache = None
self.stale = True
def set_array(self, *args):
raise NotImplementedError('Method not supported')
def get_cursor_data(self, event):
# docstring inherited
x, y = event.xdata, event.ydata
if (x < self._Ax[0] or x > self._Ax[-1] or
y < self._Ay[0] or y > self._Ay[-1]):
return None
j = np.searchsorted(self._Ax, x) - 1
i = np.searchsorted(self._Ay, y) - 1
try:
return self._A[i, j]
except IndexError:
return None
class FigureImage(_ImageBase):
zorder = 0
_interpolation = 'nearest'
def __init__(self, fig,
cmap=None,
norm=None,
offsetx=0,
offsety=0,
origin=None,
**kwargs
):
"""
cmap is a colors.Colormap instance
norm is a colors.Normalize instance to map luminance to 0-1
kwargs are an optional list of Artist keyword args
"""
super().__init__(
None,
norm=norm,
cmap=cmap,
origin=origin
)
self.figure = fig
self.ox = offsetx
self.oy = offsety
self.update(kwargs)
self.magnification = 1.0
def get_extent(self):
"""Get the image extent: left, right, bottom, top"""
numrows, numcols = self.get_size()
return (-0.5 + self.ox, numcols-0.5 + self.ox,
-0.5 + self.oy, numrows-0.5 + self.oy)
def make_image(self, renderer, magnification=1.0, unsampled=False):
# docstring inherited
fac = renderer.dpi/self.figure.dpi
# fac here is to account for pdf, eps, svg backends where
# figure.dpi is set to 72. This means we need to scale the
# image (using magnification) and offset it appropriately.
bbox = Bbox([[self.ox/fac, self.oy/fac],
[(self.ox/fac + self._A.shape[1]),
(self.oy/fac + self._A.shape[0])]])
width, height = self.figure.get_size_inches()
width *= renderer.dpi
height *= renderer.dpi
clip = Bbox([[0, 0], [width, height]])
return self._make_image(
self._A, bbox, bbox, clip, magnification=magnification / fac,
unsampled=unsampled, round_to_pixel_border=False)
def set_data(self, A):
"""Set the image array."""
cm.ScalarMappable.set_array(self,
cbook.safe_masked_invalid(A, copy=True))
self.stale = True
class BboxImage(_ImageBase):
"""The Image class whose size is determined by the given bbox."""
@cbook._delete_parameter("3.1", "interp_at_native")
def __init__(self, bbox,
cmap=None,
norm=None,
interpolation=None,
origin=None,
filternorm=1,
filterrad=4.0,
resample=False,
interp_at_native=True,
**kwargs
):
"""
cmap is a colors.Colormap instance
norm is a colors.Normalize instance to map luminance to 0-1
kwargs are an optional list of Artist keyword args
"""
super().__init__(
None,
cmap=cmap,
norm=norm,
interpolation=interpolation,
origin=origin,
filternorm=filternorm,
filterrad=filterrad,
resample=resample,
**kwargs
)
self.bbox = bbox
self._interp_at_native = interp_at_native
self._transform = IdentityTransform()
@cbook.deprecated("3.1")
@property
def interp_at_native(self):
return self._interp_at_native
def get_transform(self):
return self._transform
def get_window_extent(self, renderer=None):
if renderer is None:
renderer = self.get_figure()._cachedRenderer
if isinstance(self.bbox, BboxBase):
return self.bbox
elif callable(self.bbox):
return self.bbox(renderer)
else:
raise ValueError("unknown type of bbox")
def contains(self, mouseevent):
"""Test whether the mouse event occurred within the image."""
if self._contains is not None:
return self._contains(self, mouseevent)
if not self.get_visible(): # or self.get_figure()._renderer is None:
return False, {}
x, y = mouseevent.x, mouseevent.y
inside = self.get_window_extent().contains(x, y)
return inside, {}
def make_image(self, renderer, magnification=1.0, unsampled=False):
# docstring inherited
width, height = renderer.get_canvas_width_height()
bbox_in = self.get_window_extent(renderer).frozen()
bbox_in._points /= [width, height]
bbox_out = self.get_window_extent(renderer)
clip = Bbox([[0, 0], [width, height]])
self._transform = BboxTransform(Bbox([[0, 0], [1, 1]]), clip)
return self._make_image(
self._A,
bbox_in, bbox_out, clip, magnification, unsampled=unsampled)
def imread(fname, format=None):
"""
Read an image from a file into an array.
Parameters
----------
fname : str or file-like
The image file to read: a filename, a URL or a file-like object opened
in read-binary mode.
format : str, optional
The image file format assumed for reading the data. If not
given, the format is deduced from the filename. If nothing can
be deduced, PNG is tried.
Returns
-------
imagedata : :class:`numpy.array`
The image data. The returned array has shape
- (M, N) for grayscale images.
- (M, N, 3) for RGB images.
- (M, N, 4) for RGBA images.
Notes
-----
Matplotlib can only read PNGs natively. Further image formats are
supported via the optional dependency on Pillow. Note, URL strings
are not compatible with Pillow. Check the `Pillow documentation`_
for more information.
.. _Pillow documentation: http://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
"""
def read_png(*args, **kwargs):
from matplotlib import _png
return _png.read_png(*args, **kwargs)
handlers = {'png': read_png, }
if format is None:
if isinstance(fname, str):
parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(fname)
# If the string is a URL, assume png
if len(parsed.scheme) > 1:
ext = 'png'
else:
basename, ext = os.path.splitext(fname)
ext = ext.lower()[1:]
elif hasattr(fname, 'name'):
basename, ext = os.path.splitext(fname.name)
ext = ext.lower()[1:]
else:
ext = 'png'
else:
ext = format
if ext not in handlers: # Try to load the image with PIL.
try:
from PIL import Image
except ImportError:
raise ValueError('Only know how to handle extensions: %s; '
'with Pillow installed matplotlib can handle '
'more images' % list(handlers))
with Image.open(fname) as image:
return pil_to_array(image)
handler = handlers[ext]
# To handle Unicode filenames, we pass a file object to the PNG
# reader extension, since Python handles them quite well, but it's
# tricky in C.
if isinstance(fname, str):
parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(fname)
# If fname is a URL, download the data
if len(parsed.scheme) > 1:
from urllib import request
fd = BytesIO(request.urlopen(fname).read())
return handler(fd)
else:
with open(fname, 'rb') as fd:
return handler(fd)
else:
return handler(fname)
def imsave(fname, arr, vmin=None, vmax=None, cmap=None, format=None,
origin=None, dpi=100):
"""
Save an array as an image file.
Parameters
----------
fname : str or PathLike or file-like
A path or a file-like object to store the image in.
If *format* is not set, then the output format is inferred from the
extension of *fname*, if any, and from :rc:`savefig.format` otherwise.
If *format* is set, it determines the output format.
arr : array-like
The image data. The shape can be one of
MxN (luminance), MxNx3 (RGB) or MxNx4 (RGBA).
vmin, vmax : scalar, optional
*vmin* and *vmax* set the color scaling for the image by fixing the
values that map to the colormap color limits. If either *vmin*
or *vmax* is None, that limit is determined from the *arr*
min/max value.
cmap : str or `~matplotlib.colors.Colormap`, optional
A Colormap instance or registered colormap name. The colormap
maps scalar data to colors. It is ignored for RGB(A) data.
Defaults to :rc:`image.cmap` ('viridis').
format : str, optional
The file format, e.g. 'png', 'pdf', 'svg', ... The behavior when this
is unset is documented under *fname*.
origin : {'upper', 'lower'}, optional
Indicates whether the ``(0, 0)`` index of the array is in the upper
left or lower left corner of the axes. Defaults to :rc:`image.origin`
('upper').
dpi : int
The DPI to store in the metadata of the file. This does not affect the
resolution of the output image.
"""
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
from matplotlib import _png
if isinstance(fname, os.PathLike):
fname = os.fspath(fname)
if format is None:
format = (Path(fname).suffix[1:] if isinstance(fname, str)
else rcParams["savefig.format"]).lower()
if format in ["pdf", "ps", "eps", "svg"]:
# Vector formats that are not handled by PIL.
fig = Figure(dpi=dpi, frameon=False)
fig.figimage(arr, cmap=cmap, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax, origin=origin,
resize=True)
fig.savefig(fname, dpi=dpi, format=format, transparent=True)
else:
# Don't bother creating an image; this avoids rounding errors on the
# size when dividing and then multiplying by dpi.
sm = cm.ScalarMappable(cmap=cmap)
sm.set_clim(vmin, vmax)
if origin is None:
origin = rcParams["image.origin"]
if origin == "lower":
arr = arr[::-1]
rgba = sm.to_rgba(arr, bytes=True)
if format == "png":
_png.write_png(rgba, fname, dpi=dpi)
else:
try:
from PIL import Image
except ImportError as exc:
raise ImportError(
f"Saving to {format} requires Pillow") from exc
pil_shape = (rgba.shape[1], rgba.shape[0])
image = Image.frombuffer(
"RGBA", pil_shape, rgba, "raw", "RGBA", 0, 1)
if format in ["jpg", "jpeg"]:
format = "jpeg" # Pillow doesn't recognize "jpg".
color = tuple(
int(x * 255)
for x in mcolors.to_rgb(rcParams["savefig.facecolor"]))
background = Image.new("RGB", pil_shape, color)
background.paste(image, image)
image = background
image.save(fname, format=format, dpi=(dpi, dpi))
def pil_to_array(pilImage):
"""Load a `PIL image`_ and return it as a numpy array.
.. _PIL image: https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/Image.html
Returns
-------
numpy.array
The array shape depends on the image type:
- (M, N) for grayscale images.
- (M, N, 3) for RGB images.
- (M, N, 4) for RGBA images.
"""
if pilImage.mode in ['RGBA', 'RGBX', 'RGB', 'L']:
# return MxNx4 RGBA, MxNx3 RBA, or MxN luminance array
return np.asarray(pilImage)
elif pilImage.mode.startswith('I;16'):
# return MxN luminance array of uint16
raw = pilImage.tobytes('raw', pilImage.mode)
if pilImage.mode.endswith('B'):
x = np.frombuffer(raw, '>u2')
else:
x = np.frombuffer(raw, '<u2')
return x.reshape(pilImage.size[::-1]).astype('=u2')
else: # try to convert to an rgba image
try:
pilImage = pilImage.convert('RGBA')
except ValueError:
raise RuntimeError('Unknown image mode')
return np.asarray(pilImage) # return MxNx4 RGBA array
def thumbnail(infile, thumbfile, scale=0.1, interpolation='bilinear',
preview=False):
"""
Make a thumbnail of image in *infile* with output filename *thumbfile*.
See :doc:`/gallery/misc/image_thumbnail_sgskip`.
Parameters
----------
infile : str or file-like
The image file -- must be PNG, or Pillow-readable if you have Pillow_
installed.
.. _Pillow: http://python-pillow.org/
thumbfile : str or file-like
The thumbnail filename.
scale : float, optional
The scale factor for the thumbnail.
interpolation : str, optional
The interpolation scheme used in the resampling. See the
*interpolation* parameter of `~.Axes.imshow` for possible values.
preview : bool, optional
If True, the default backend (presumably a user interface
backend) will be used which will cause a figure to be raised if
`~matplotlib.pyplot.show` is called. If it is False, the figure is
created using `FigureCanvasBase` and the drawing backend is selected
as `~matplotlib.figure.savefig` would normally do.
Returns
-------
figure : `~.figure.Figure`
The figure instance containing the thumbnail.
"""
im = imread(infile)
rows, cols, depth = im.shape
# This doesn't really matter (it cancels in the end) but the API needs it.
dpi = 100
height = rows / dpi * scale
width = cols / dpi * scale
if preview:
# Let the UI backend do everything.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(width, height), dpi=dpi)
else:
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
fig = Figure(figsize=(width, height), dpi=dpi)
FigureCanvasBase(fig)
ax = fig.add_axes([0, 0, 1, 1], aspect='auto',
frameon=False, xticks=[], yticks=[])
ax.imshow(im, aspect='auto', resample=True, interpolation=interpolation)
fig.savefig(thumbfile, dpi=dpi)
return fig